标准教程 STANDARD COURSE HSK 3

V好

The complement of result "好" follows a verb as in "吃好" and "准备好" to indicate that the action is satisfactorily completed. "我吃完了(I've finished eating)" - "我吃好了" "I've finished eating" and "I've enjoyed the meal".
  1. 今晚的电影小刚已经买好票了。
  2. 饭还没做好,请你等一会儿。
  3. 我还没想好要不要跟你去呢。

一……也/都+不/没……

“一+ Measure Word+Noun +也/都+不/没+ V (not. .. at all)" indicates complete negation. Sometimes the "一+ Measure Word" used in the structure above is 一点儿.
  1. 我一个苹果也不想吃。
  2. 昨天他一件衣服都没买。
  3. 手机、电脑、地图, 一个也不能少(带)。
  4. 我一点儿钱都没带,所以不能买衣服。

那 conj

Used at the beginning of a sentence, 那 indicates the result obtained or judgment made based on what has been said previously.
  1. A: 我不想去看电影。
    B: 那我也不去了。
  2. A: (明天的考试)我早就复习好了。
    B: 那也不能一直玩儿啊。

V+来/去

来 - away, 去 - to, 上, 下, 进, 出, 回, 过, 起
  1. 我们在楼上等你呢,你上来吧。(说话的人在楼上)
  2. 谁在外边?你出去看看吧。("你”在屋里)
  3. 那边树多,我们过去坐一下吧。

"V1了…就V2…

indicate two act10ns which occur successively, with the second immediately following the first.
  1. 我下了课就吃饭。
  2. 妈妈起了床就做早饭。
  3. 小刚拿了伞就下来。

能…吗?

The Rhetoric Question with its positive form meaning the negative and the negative form meaning the positive.
  1. A: 为什么我的汉语学得不好?
    B: 你不做作业,也不练习,能学好吗? (不能学好)
  2. A: 你看我这么胖,怎么办呢?
    B: 你每天晚上吃了饭就睡觉,也不出去走走,熊丕胖卫兮? (会胖)

还是 vs 或者

Both "还是" and "或者'are used to connect choices . "还是" is used in interrogative sentences, and "或者"in declarative sentences.
  1. 你要喝咖啡还是喝茶?
  2. 明天是晴天还是阴天?
  3. 今天晚上吃米饭或者面条都可以。
  4. 天冷了或者工作累了的时侯,喝杯热茶很舒服。
For sentences with an interrogative clause, only 还是 can be used in the clause.
  • 周太太40 岁还是50 岁,我们不知道。
  • 小丽还没想好周末去爬山还是去看电影。
  • 他的生日是10 月还是11 月,我不记得了。
  • Location Word + V着+Numeral+ Measure Word+ N

    "Location Word + V着+ NP" means there is something somewhere. In this structure, the verb "放"'"写', "坐", or "住" etc. is often used , and the noun phrase is usually an indefinite object, for example "一本书'(a book) and "几个 人(several people)" rather than "这本书(t扣s book)" and "周经理(Manager Zhou)."
    1. 桌子上放着一杯咖啡。
    2. 我家楼上住着一个老师。
    3. 上面写着320 元。
    4. 桌子上放着朴良多饮料飞
    The negative form of the structure is "Location Word +没V( 着) + NP", without a measure word before the noun phrase.
    1. 桌子上没放着咖啡。
    2. 我家楼上没住着老师。
    3. 上面没写着多少钱。
    4. 桌子上没放着饮籵。

    auxiliary verb "会" is used in a sentence to indicate the possibility , usually referring to something that hasn't happened
    1. 你穿得那么少,会感冒的。
    2. 别担心,我会照顾好自己。
    3. 你不给他打电话吗,他会不高兴的。
    4. 喝杯热茶会很舒服。

    又…又…

    "又Adj1 +又Adj2" is used to describe two qualities existing in the same person or thing, such as "又高又漂亮"(both tall and pretty).
    1. 这个西瓜又大又甜。
    2. 外边又黑又冷。
    3. 服务员又年轻又漂亮。
    4. 她工作又认真又热情。

    V着(01) + V2 CO2

    "V着(01) + V2 (02) " indicates two actions taking place at the same time, VI being the accompanying state or manner of V 2. For example, "他们站着聊天儿” means "they are talkng" while "standing" rather than "sitting".
    1. 弟弟吃着苹果写作业。
    2. 周先生和周太太坐着看电视。
    3. 很多人拿着鲜花站在门口。
    4. 她总是笑着跟客人说话。

    了 change

    at the end of a declarative sentence, the modal particle" 了" indicates a change in the situation or the occurrence of a new situation. For example, "我现在没钱了"means "I used to have money, but now I don't", implying a change.
    1. 上个月很冷,现在天气不那么冷了。
    2. 我前几天有点儿发烧,现在好多了。
    3. 我现在喜欢夏天了。
    4. 这条裙子是去年买的,今年就不能穿了。

    越来越 + Adj/Mental V

    Followed by an adjective or a mental verb as in "越来越冷" (colder and colder) and “越来越喜欢'(like ... more and more), 越来越 indicates the change in degree occurs as time passes by. Note that no adverb of degree is used before the adjective or mental verb, so phrases like "越来越很热'and"越来越非常想'are unacceptable.
    1. 我认识的汉字越来越多。
    2. 你越来越漂亮。
    3. 我越来越喜欢运动。
    4. 我做的饭越来越好吃。

    V得/不+ Complements of Possibility

    "V得+ Complements" or "V不+ Complements" can be used to indicate whether or not a result can be obtained or a goal be reached. "V得+ Complements" is the positive form, and "V不+ Complements" is the negative form. The complements used in this structure are usually complements of result or direction, and certain adjectives or verbs. The interrogative form is "V得+ Complements V不+ Complements" or "V得+ Complements 吗".
    1. 我看得清楚那个汉字。
    2. 楼太高了,我上不去。
    3. 老师说的话你听得见听不见?
    4. 我找不到好饭馆。

    N + 呢 Ask Location

    "Noun + 呢" is used to ask about where somebody or something is. For example, "妈妈呢?" means "where is mom?", and "小狗呢?" means "where is the dog?".
    1. A: 你的书呢?放在哪儿了?
      B: 就在桌子上啊。
    2. A: 我的眼镜呢? 你看见了吗?
      B: 我没看见啊。

    "刚 - 刚才

    adverb 刚 and the noun 刚才 both indicate that the action has happened not long ago. However, 刚才 usually means several minutes ago, while 刚 means a short time from the speaker's point of view, which can be several minutes, a few days, even months. For example, 我刚来中国两个月 (I've been in China for only two months) shows that the speaker considers two months a short period of time. 刚 is only used right before the verb, while 刚才 can be used before the verb or at the beginning of the sentence.
    1. 爸爸刚出去。
      爸爸刚才出去了。
    2. 我刚喝完一杯咖啡。
      刚才我喝了一杯咖啡。
    3. 我刚放在桌子上,现在就没了。 眼镜周明刚才放在桌子上了。
    4. 儿子刚做完作业。 刚才儿子在做作业。

    Period of Time

    A period of time refers to the length of time that an action or a state lasts, usually indicated by a complement of duration, such as "一刻钟" (a quarter), "半个小时" (half an hour), "两天" (two days), or "三个月" (three months) etc.
    "S + V + 了 + Duration + O" indicates the duration of an action.
    1. 她工作了三年。
    2. 我们坐了一个小时公共汽车。
    3. 你怎么晚到了一刻钟?
    4. 我们唱了两个小时歌。
    "S + V +了+ Duration + O + 了" indicates the duration of an action which is still going on. For example, "看了一个小时书了" means one has already read for an hour and is still reading.
    1. 我学习了一年汉语了。
    2. 她看了半个小时电视了。
    3. 他们游了二十分钟泳了。
    4. 我都在这儿坐了半个小时了。

    Express an Interest

    "对……感兴趣" or "对……有兴趣" to express an interest in something. The negative form is "对……不感兴趣" or "对……没(有)兴趣". The adverb of degree should be put before "感兴趣" or" 有兴趣" if there is any, such as "很感兴趣” and "非常有兴趣".
    1. 他们对电影感兴趣。
    2. 我儿子对打篮球不感兴趣。
    3. 同学们对汉语有兴趣。你们都对音乐感兴趣吗?
    4. 我对她更感兴趣。

    半, 刻, 差 Indicate Time

    1. 一点半 1:30
    2. 十二点一刻 12:15
    3. 十二点三刻/差一刻一点 12:45
    4. 差五分十二点 11:55

    又 - 再

    both be put before a verb to indicate the recurrence of an action or a situation. "又 + V" usually means the recurrence has already happened, while "再 + V" means the recurrence has not happened yet.
    1. 上个星期我买了一条裤子,昨天又买了一条。
    2. 你上午已经喝了一杯咖啡,下午怎么又喝了一杯?
    3. 你只吃了一点儿饭,再吃一点儿吧。
    4. 昨天去看了看,今天又去看了看, 明天还要再去看看。

    就 can be used between two of the same interrogative pronouns, in which case the interrogative pronouns, rather than being interrogative, refer to the same indefinite person, object or manner. When the two clauses of a sentence share one subject, the subject of the second clause can be left out; when the two clauses have different subjects, the second subject is put right before 就.
    1. 什么东西便宜我就买什么。
    2. 你哪天有时间就哪天来我家吧。
    3. 谁喜欢他他就喜欢谁。
    4. 你坐哪儿我就坐哪儿。

    A跟B —样 (+ Adj)

    "A跟B一样” means A and B are the same after comparison. The structure can take an adjective to indicate the aspect being compared, for example, 一样大 means "the same in size". In the negative form, 不 is added before 一样.
    1. 这本书跟那本书一样。
    2. 儿子跟爸爸一样高。
    3. 这辆车的颜色跟那辆车不一样。
    4. 她的汉语说得跟中国人一样好。

    A比B + Adj + 一点儿/一些/得多/多了

    一点儿, 一些, 得多 or 多了 etc. can follow an adjective in a comparative sentence, indicating the degree of difference between things, among which 一点儿 and 一些 indicate a slight difference, while 得多 and 多了 indicate a big difference.
    1. 大山比大卫矮一点儿。
    2. 我今天起得比昨天晚一些。
    3. 今天的作业比昨天多得多。
    4. 数学比历史难多了。
    The negative form is "A没有B( + 这么/那么) + Adj".
    1. 咖啡没有茶好喝。
    2. 他没有我这么高。
    3. 这个电影没有那个电影那么有意思。
    4. 学校里边的(房子)没有学校外边的那么安静。

    Approximate Numbers

    Two adjacent numerals can be used together to indicate an approximate number: "一二(两) (one or two)", "两三(two or three)", "三四 (three or four)", "五六 (five or six)", "七八 (seven or eight)", and "八九 (eight or nine)".
    1. 我每天学习一两个小时汉语。
    2. 你都喝了三四杯咖啡了,别再喝了!
    3. 从小丽家到公司骑车七八分钟就能到。
    4. 学校里边比学校外边方便,附近有三四个车站。

    A把B + V + …

    ba-sentence can be used to indicate a certain action done on a definite person or thing, the structure being "A把B + V +…". This type of ba-sentence is often used to request or order other people to do something. It is noteworthy that A is the agent of the action, and B is the patient. Both A and B should be specific or known to the speaker and the listener.
    1. 请你把衣服洗了。
    2. 帮我把这本词典还了。
    3. 你把灯关了吧。
    4. 我把爸爸的生日忘了。
    If there is a negative adverb or a modal verb etc., it should precede 把.
    1. 你没把书给我。
    2. 你别把手机忘了。
    3. 我不能把电脑给你。
    4. 你可以把空调关了吗?

    左右

    左右 can be used after a numeral to indicate an approximate number, such as 三点左右 (around three o'clock), 五个左右 (about five), and 十年左右 (ten years or so).
    1. 周末我一般十点左右起床。
    2. 我们公司有五百人左右。
    3. 王经理两点左右来了个电话。
    4. 这个笔记本电脑我去年买的时候要五于块左右。

    才 - 就

    Both 才 and 就 can be used as an adverbial modifier before a verb. 就 indicates that in the speaker's op1nion, the action happened early, or went on fast or smoothly.
    1. 我早上五点就起床了。
    2. 坐飞机一个小时就到了。
    3. 我很容易就找到了他的家。
    4. 你怎么这么早就要睡觉了?
    才 indicates that in the speaker's opinion, the action happened late, or went on slowly or unsatisfactorily.
    1. 八点上课,他九点才起床。
    2. 坐火车八个小时才能到。
    3. 弟弟三个小时才做完作业。
    4. 来机场的路上我才发现忘带护照了。

    A把B+V+在/到/给…

    ba-sentence is often used to indicate a certain action is done on a definite person or thing and has changed the location of the person or thing, the structure being "A把B+V+在/到+location".
    1. 我把照片放在你包里了。
    2. 老师把作业放在桌子上了。
    3. 我没把裤子放到椅子上。
    4. 我帮你把衣服放到行李箱里吧。
    If an action has changed the owner or user of a definite object, the structure "A把B + V + 给 + sb." is used.
    1. 我把鲜花送给老师了。
    2. 我朋友把书借给我了。
    3. 弟弟没把钱还给哥哥。
    4. 你帮我把这本书带给小刚。

    Compound Complements of Direction

    directional verb, 上, 吓, 进, 出, 回, 过, 起, etc., followed by a simple complement of direction, 来 or 去, can be used after another verb as its complement, that is, a compound complement of direction that indicates the direction of the action and describes the action in detail. Common compound complements of direction:
    来 - 上来, 下来, 进来, 出来, 回来, 过来, 起来
    去 - 上去, 下去, 进去, 出去, 回去, 过去
    1. 老师拿出一本书来。
    2. 小狗从房间跑出来。
    3. 我给你拿过去吧。
    4. 坐久了还可以站起来休息一会儿。
    When the object is a place, it should be put before "来/去". For example:
    1. 老师走进教室来。
    2. 周太太走进咖啡店去。
    When the object is a general item , it can be put either before or after "来/去".
    1.     哥哥买回一个西瓜来。
      =哥哥买回来一个西瓜。
    2.     爸爸从国外带回一些礼物来。
      =爸爸从国外带回未一些礼物。
    If the action has already been completed and realized, the object is usually put after ”来/去".
    哥哥买回来了一个西瓜。 (My elder brother has bought a watermelon.)
    爸爸带回来了一些礼物。 (Dad has brought some giftshome.).
    妈妈一边唱歌一边做饭。

    一边…一边…

    "一边…一边…". 1s used to indicate two actions taking place at the same time. For example, "一边听音乐一边做作业" means the two actions "listening to music" and "doing homework" happen simultaneously. "一" can be left out.
    1. 妈妈一边唱歌一边做饭。
    2. 老师边说边笑。
    3. 小丽和老同学边喝咖啡边聊天儿。
    4. 我丈夫喜欢一边吃早饭一边看报纸。

    A把B + V + Complement of Result/Direction

    the structure "A把B + V + Complement of Result/Direction" can be used to indicate an action which is done on a definite person or thing and has brought a result to or has changed the position of the person or thing.
    1. 我把衣服洗干净了。
    2. 妈妈还没把饭做好呢。
    3. 请同学们把铅笔拿出来。
    4. 你把水果拿过来。

    先…再/又…然后…

    先…再/又…然后… (first... , then ... , and then ...) indicates the sequence of a series of actions. 再 indicates the action has not happened yet, while 又 indicates the action has already happened.
    1. 回家以后,我先做作业,然后吃饭。
    2. 我先坐了一个小时公共汽车,又坐了一会儿地铁才到小刚家。
    3. 你先把电视节目看完吧,然后再给我回电话。
    4. 先把米饭做好,然后再把一块块新鲜的水果放进去。

    除了…以外,都/还/也…

    “除了…以外,都…(all... except...)" indicates that except the part being mentioned, all the others in a specific scope are the same in a certain way. 以外 can be left out.
    1. 除了这个汉字以外,别的汉字我都认识。
    2. 除了我以外,大家都听懂了。
    3. 除了这个句子意思有些不清楚外,其他都没什么问题。
    4. 除了小云,其他人都来了。
    除了…以外,还/也… (besides ...) indicates that there are still others besides the part being mentioned. The subject is put at the beginning of the sentence or right before 还/也.
    1. 除了唱歌以外,他还喜欢跳舞。
    2. 除了汉语以外,我还会说英语。
    3. 上网除了看新闻,还可以听音乐。
    4. 除了春节中秋节以外,啤酒节也是这里很重要的一个节日。

    Interrogative Pronouns

    什么 can be used as a demonstrative pronoun instead of an indefinite person or thing, making the tone politer. The meaning of the sentence won't change if 什么 is left out.
    1. 这个饭馆有没有什么特别好吃的菜?
    2. 周末你有没有什么打算?
    3. 你写得很好,没什么问题。
    4. 以后有什么不明白的地方, 可以给我打电话或者发电子邮件。

    极了

    superlative degree can be expressed using "Adj/Mental V + 极了".
    1. 我的小狗可爱极了。
    2. 今天天气冷极了。
    3. 那件衣服我喜欢极了。
    4. 他满意极了。

    如果…(的话),(S)就…

    clause following 如果 is a hypothesis, and the clause after 就 is the result based on the hypothesis. Note that the subject of the second clause should be put right before 就 .
    1. 如果你太累了,就休息一会儿。
    2. 如果你喜欢,我就给你买。
    3. 如果有钱的话,我就去旅游。
    4. 如果不舒服,就去医院检查一下吧。

    得 can be used to form a complement to describe a certain state. Usually 得 is preceded by an adjective or a verb and followed by a verb phrase .
    1. 孩子们玩儿得不想回家。
    2. 弟弟高兴得跳了起未。
    3. 儿子累得下了琪就睡觉了。
    4. 人们忙得没时间跟别人见面。

    AA的

    monosyllabic adjective is often reduplicated in the form of "AA的" to describe the characteristics of a person or thing, indicating a deep degree.
    1. 你送的花红红的,我很喜欢。
    2. 这些草绿绿的,真漂亮。
    3. 他鼻子小小的,长得像谁?
    4. 你女儿长得白白的、胖胖的,真可爱!

    ABAB: Reduplic ation of Disyllabic Verbs

    The form of a reduplicated disyllabic verb is "ABAB", such as 休息休息, indicating a short action or an attempt.
    1. 他是谁?你介绍我们认识认识吧。
    2. 他是新来的,有时间你帮助帮助他吧。
    3. 这是本新书,你学习学习吧。
    4. 我真应该多锻炼锻炼了。

    Flexible Use of Interrogative Pronouns 3

    interrogative pronouns such as 谁, 什么, 怎么 and 哪儿 can be used to refer to every member in a certain scope, indicating all of them are the same in a certain way without exception .
    1. 谁都喜欢小丽。
    2. 小刚什么都喜欢吃。
    3. 我们怎么去公园都可以。
    4. 最近我觉得哪儿都不舒服。

    只要…, 就…

    connects the two clauses of a conditional complex sentence, with 只要 introducing a necessary condition and 就 followed by the consequent result. The subject can be put before or after 只要. If there is a second subject in the sentence, it is put right before 就.
    1. 只要我有时间,就一定跟你去旅游。
    2. 我只要喜欢, 就一定会买。
    3. 只要你想去,我就跟你去。
    4. 只要你给我买,我就能照顾好它。

    关于

    used before a noun, introducing the object to be talked about.
    1. 我最近看了一些关于中国文化的电影。
    2. 关于这件事,我们还没有决定呢。
    3. 关于出国学习的事,妈妈已经同意了。
    4. 关于这个工作,还有什么问题吗?

    出来

    after a verb to indicate the emergence of something new.
    1. 这个字你能写出来吗?
    2. 朋友想出未一个学汉语的好办法。
    3. 你画得真快,一会儿就画出未了。
    4. 照片我选了几张洗出未了。

    下来

    after certain adjectives or verbs 下来 indicates a change from movement to stillness, from being strong to being weak, or from being fast to being slow.
    1. 前边的车越开越慢,停下来了。
    2. 天黑下来了,孩子们要回家了。
    3. 我真希望时间能慢下来,不要过得那么快。
    4. 只要他爸爸学小鸟叫,她马上就安静下未了。

    起来

    indicates the act of recalling has reached a result.
    想起来 - вспомнить; пришло в голову
    记起来 - вспомнить (внезапно)
    1. 你记起来我是谁了吗?
    2. 你能想起来那是什么时候的事吗?
    3. 对不起,我想不起来你的名字了。
    4. 我想起来了,她小时候像个男孩子。

    看起来

    Instead of indicating recalling something, "看起来" (to seem) introduces an estimation or evaluation of a certain aspect made by looking. So is "看上去", which means the same as "看起来".
    1. 把头发放在耳朵后边,可以使脸看上去漂亮一些。
    2. 他今天穿蓝西服,看上去像40多岁。
    3. 这是你做的饭吗?看起来很好吃。
    4. 他今天一句话也没说,看起来有点儿不高兴。

    使/叫/让

    followed by a pivotal element to mean "to cause". The three of them basically mean the same thing, with 使 usually used in written Chinese, while 叫 usually used in spoken Chinese.
    1. 读书使我快乐。
    2. 考试让我很紧张。
    3. 穿运动服让他更年轻。
    4. 我想快点儿把照片发给大家,叫朋友们也高兴高兴。

    被/叫/让

    a sentence with 被 can express the passive voice, its structure being "S + 被/叫/让 + O + V + Other Elements", in which the subject is the patient of the action and the object the agent. The object following 被 can be left out, while the object after 叫 or 让 cannot.
    1. 我被男朋友影响了。
    2. 帽子被刮跑了。
    3. 蛋糕让弟弟吃完了
    4. 我的照相机被谁拿走了?
    negative adverbs and modal verbs should precede 被 if there are any
    1. 问题还没有被解决呢。
    2. 病人还没被送到医院呢。
    3. 下个月她会被妈妈送到美国。
    4. 我们经常被别人认错。

    只有…才…

    used to connect the two clauses of a conditional complex sentence, with 只有 introducing the one and only condition and 才 followed by the result which will be reached only if the said condition is met.
    1. 只有写完作业,才能看电视。
    2. 只有妈妈做的饭,她才爱吃。
    3. 只有爸爸、妈妈才能分出来。
    4. 看来只有爱,才能让人有变化。