Slovene verbal endings — present tense (regular paradigm)

Present tense endings and examples (verb *delati* = to work)
Person	Singular (ending)	Dual (ending)	Plural (ending)	Example forms (delati)
1st	`-m`	`-va`	`-mo`	delam \| delava \| delamo
2nd	`-š`	`-ta`	`-te`	delaš \| delata \| delate
3rd	`Ø / -a / -e`	`-ta`	`-jo / -e`	dela \| delata \| delajo

Notes

Dual number: Slovene preserves the dual, so verbs have distinct dual endings for 1/2/3 persons.
3rd singular: often has no visible ending (Ø) or a vowel depending on the conjugation class (dela).
Variants: Some verb classes show slight variations (e.g. verbs in -iti or irregular verbs like biti, imeti).

Quick reference (compact)

1sg -m    | 2sg -š   | 3sg Ø/-a/-e
1du -va   | 2du -ta  | 3du -ta
1pl -mo   | 2pl -te  | 3pl -jo/-e

Declensions

1. PRESENT TENSE — Osebni končniki

(For -a, -i, and -e type verbs; endings are consistent across classes) These are the regular endings for most verbs.

Singular
| Person | Ending          | Example (*delati* = to work) |
| ------ | --------------- | ---------------------------- |
| 1sg    | **-m**          | delam                        |
| 2sg    | **-š**          | delaš                        |
| 3sg    | **Ø / -a / -e** | dela                         |

Dual
| Person | Ending  | Example |
| ------ | ------- | ------- |
| 1du    | **-va** | delava  |
| 2du    | **-ta** | delata  |
| 3du    | **-ta** | delata  |

Plural
| Person | Ending       | Example |
| ------ | ------------ | ------- |
| 1pl    | **-mo**      | delamo  |
| 2pl    | **-te**      | delate  |
| 3pl    | **-jo / -e** | delajo  |

Auxiliary “to be” in present

| Person | sg  | du  | pl  |
| ------ | --- | --- | --- |
| 1      | sem | sva | smo |
| 2      | si  | sta | ste |
| 3      | je  | sta | so  |

2. PAST TENSE (L-past)

Past participle (l-participle) + auxiliary 'to be' in present

L-participle endings

| Gender/Number | Ending  | Example (delati → delal) |
| ------------- | ------- | ------------------------ |
| m.sg          | **-l**  | delal                    |
| f.sg          | **-la** | delala                   |
| n.sg          | **-lo** | delalo                   |
| m.du          | **-la** | delala                   |
| f.du          | **-li** | delali                   |
| n.du          | **-li** | delali                   |
| m.pl          | **-li** | delali                   |
| f.pl          | **-le** | delale                   |
| n.pl          | **-la** | delala                   |

Example:
Delal sem = I worked
Delali smo = We worked
Delala sta = You two worked

3. FUTURE TENSE

(bom + l-participle)

| Person | sg  | du    | pl    |
| ------ | --- | ----- | ----- |
| 1      | bom | bova  | bomo  |
| 2      | boš | bosta | boste |
| 3      | bo  | bosta | bodo  |

Example:
Bom delal / Bom delala = I will work

4. IMPERATIVE

stem + endings:

| Person      | Ending     | Example *delati* |
| ----------- | ---------- | ---------------- |
| 2sg         | **-j / Ø** | delaj            |
| 1pl         | **-jmo**   | delajmo          |
| 2pl         | **-jte**   | delajte          |
| dual (rare) | **-jta**   | delajta          |

5. CONDITIONAL

(BI + l-participle)

Form is identical for all persons; number/person is carried only by the participles.

| Person | sg | du | pl |
| ------ | -- | -- | -- |
| 1      | bi | bi | bi |
| 2      | bi | bi | bi |
| 3      | bi | bi | bi |

Example:
Delal bi / Delala bi = I would work
Delali bi = They would work

Case Endings (Noun Declension)

Legend
M = masculine
F = feminine
N = neuter
Hard-stem, regular paradigms

Examples:
M: grad (castle)
F: žena (woman)
N: mesto (city)

1. Singular

| Case             | Masculine (M)       | Feminine (F) | Neuter (N) |
| ---------------- | ------------------- | ------------ | ---------- |
| **Nominative**   | -Ø                  | -a           | -o / -e    |
| **Genitive**     | -a                  | -e           | -a         |
| **Dative**       | -u                  | -i           | -u         |
| **Accusative**   | -Ø / -a *(animate)* | -o           | -o / -e    |
| **Locative**     | -u                  | -i           | -u         |
| **Instrumental** | -om                 | -o           | -om        |

2. Dual

| Case             | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| ---------------- | --------- | -------- | ------ |
| **Nominative**   | -a        | -i       | -i     |
| **Genitive**     | -ov       | -        | -      |
| **Dative**       | -oma      | -ama     | -oma   |
| **Accusative**   | -a        | -i       | -i     |
| **Locative**     | -ih       | -        | -      |
| **Instrumental** | -oma      | -ama     | -oma   |

3. Plural

| Case             | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| ---------------- | --------- | -------- | ------ |
| **Nominative**   | -i        | -e       | -a     |
| **Genitive**     | -ov       | -        | -      |
| **Dative**       | -om       | -am      | -om    |
| **Accusative**   | -e        | -e       | -a     |
| **Locative**     | -ih       | -ah      | -ih    |
| **Instrumental** | -i        | -ami     | -i     |

4. Notes & Variations


Masculine animate vs. inanimate (Acc. sg.)
animate: vidim psa → -a
inanimate: vidim grad → same as nominative

Soft-stem & feminine -ost nouns
Some F nouns use -i instead of -e in the genitive.

Neuter plural Nom/Acc = -a
Inherited from Proto-Slavic neuters (mesto → mesta).

Dual Gen/Loc sometimes identical to plural
Dual is gradually weakening in everyday speech → many speakers simplify endings.